Atomic Orbitals and Chemical Bonds
Where are the electrons?
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Atomic Orbitals and Bonds
Where are the electrons inside an atom? Let's look at atomic orbitals and how chemical bonds form.
Electron Clouds
Electrons don't travel around fixed paths like planets. Instead, they're found in regions called orbitals, where the chance of finding them spreads out like a cloud.
s and p Orbitals
An s orbital is shaped like a sphere. A p orbital is shaped like a dumbbell, and points in three directions: x, y, and z.
Overlap Makes a Bond
When two hydrogen atoms come close, their 1s orbitals overlap and they share two electrons. The electrons become likely to be found between the nuclei, forming a covalent bond.
Orbitals Shape Molecules
The arrangement of orbitals determines the shape of a molecule. In methane, the four bonds spread out toward the corners of a regular tetrahedron.
Overlapping Clouds Make Bonds
Electrons spread out in cloud-like orbitals, and the way they overlap determines bonds and the shapes of molecules.
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