Chemistry: Physical chemistry

Chemical Equilibrium and Le Chatelier's Principle

Le Chatelier's principle

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  1. Chemical Equilibrium

    Chemical equilibrium and Le Chatelier's principle. Let's look at how reactions that go both ways work.

  2. Reversible Reaction

    Two molecules of reddish-brown nitrogen dioxide join to form colorless dinitrogen tetroxide. The reverse, splitting apart, also happens, so this is a reversible reaction.

  3. Chemical Equilibrium

    As time passes, the rate at which molecules join and the rate at which they split become equal, so the amounts stop changing even though both reactions keep going. This is called chemical equilibrium.

  4. Le Chatelier's Principle

    If you add nitrogen dioxide, the reaction shifts to the right to use it up. The equilibrium moves in the direction that eases the change: this is Le Chatelier's principle.

  5. Changing Temperature

    The reaction to the right gives off heat. When warmed, it shifts left, the direction that absorbs heat, and the color gets darker; when cooled, it shifts right, and the color gets lighter.

  6. Shifting to Ease the Change

    An equilibrium shifts in the direction that eases a change in conditions, then settles into a new balance.

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